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Greedy Decoding Outputs Diverge Between BF16 and FP16 in LLMs

Greedy decoding in large language models is not precision-invariant, producing different outputs when using BF16 versus FP16 precision on the same hardware. Evaluations across six models and three benchmarks show 49-100% of prompts yield divergent results.

Source: arXiv · arxiv.org Published 2026-09-22T15:54:16+00:00 Detected 2026-09-23T05:22:29+00:00
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Greedy decoding in large language models is not precision-invariant, producing different outputs when using BF16 versus FP16 precision on the same hardware. Evaluations across six models and three benchmarks show 49-100% of prompts yield divergent results.

AI-assisted summary based on the listed source.

Greedy decoding from large language models is commonly treated as deterministic. We show it is not precision-invariant: the same model, prompt, and decoding algorithm produce different outputs in BF16 versus FP16 on identical hardware. Across our evaluations of six models (1.1B-7B parameters, four families;...

This finding challenges the assumption that greedy decoding is deterministic and highlights the impact of numerical precision on LLM inference consistency. Understanding this divergence is crucial for reproducibility and reliability in deploying LLMs.

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Signal Strength 95% Technical label SOURCE-BACKED Public Interest 30 Category MONEY Reader Depth PRACTICAL

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Public Interest components
Recognizable Entity Score 0 Practical Impact Score 0 Novelty Interest Score 94 Consequence Score 34 Curiosity Score 16 Shareability Score 45

VQV surfaced this signal because it is recent, relevant to LLM Inference, connected to arXiv.